🧩 Go Structs, Interfaces & Composition – Build Reusable and Type-Safe Programs

🧲 Introduction – Why Use Structs & Interfaces in Go?

Go is a statically typed language without classical inheritance. Instead, it promotes composition over inheritance through powerful features like structs, interfaces, and embedding. These allow you to build flexible, reusable, and type-safe applications while avoiding complexity.

🎯 In this guide, you’ll learn:

• How to define and use structs in Go
• How interfaces enable polymorphism and abstraction
• What type assertions are and how to use them safely
• How Go supports composition-based reuse (struct embedding)

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📘 Topics Covered

🔹 Concept	📖 Description
🏗️ Go Structs	Custom data types that group related fields
🧩 Go Interfaces	Define method sets for polymorphic behavior
🔍 Go Type Assertion	Safely convert an interface value back to its concrete type
🧬 Go Inheritance via Composition	Simulate inheritance using struct embedding

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🏗️ Go – Structs

🔹 Define & Use

type Person struct {
    Name string
    Age  int
}

func main() {
    p := Person{Name: "Alice", Age: 30}
    fmt.Println(p.Name) // Alice
}

✅ Update Struct Fields

p.Age = 31

✅ Structs are passed by value. Use pointers to modify them inside functions:

func update(p *Person) {
    p.Age = 40
}

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🧩 Go – Interfaces

An interface defines behavior without implementation:

type Shape interface {
    Area() float64
}

type Circle struct {
    Radius float64
}

func (c Circle) Area() float64 {
    return 3.14 * c.Radius * c.Radius
}

🔹 Interface in Action

func printArea(s Shape) {
    fmt.Println("Area:", s.Area())
}

✅ Any type that implements all methods of an interface implicitly satisfies it—no need for implements.

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🔍 Go – Type Assertion

Type assertions let you access the underlying type of an interface:

var i interface{} = "Hello"
s := i.(string) // assert it's a string
fmt.Println(s)

🧠 Safe Assertion

val, ok := i.(string)
if ok {
    fmt.Println("It's a string:", val)
} else {
    fmt.Println("Not a string")
}

✅ Prevents panic on invalid assertions.

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🧬 Go – Inheritance via Composition (Struct Embedding)

Go doesn’t support classical OOP inheritance. Instead, it uses embedding:

type Animal struct {
    Name string
}

func (a Animal) Speak() {
    fmt.Println(a.Name, "makes a sound")
}

type Dog struct {
    Animal
    Breed string
}

🔹 Use Embedded Methods

d := Dog{Animal: Animal{Name: "Rex"}, Breed: "Labrador"}
d.Speak() // Rex makes a sound

✅ Fields and methods of the embedded struct are promoted to the outer struct.

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📌 Summary – Recap & Next Steps

Go’s struct-interface system promotes clarity, safety, and reusability. Instead of inheritance, you build powerful programs through interface abstraction and composition, keeping your code loosely coupled and easily testable.

🔍 Key Takeaways:

• Structs group fields under custom types
• Interfaces enable polymorphism without OOP complexity
• Type assertions safely extract values from interfaces
• Composition (struct embedding) simulates inheritance in Go

⚙️ Real-World Applications:

• Defining request/response models in APIs
• Implementing strategy or behavior patterns
• Building plugin-like systems via interface injection
• Mocking and testing with interfaces

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❓ Frequently Asked Questions

❓ Does Go support inheritance like Java or C++?
✅ ❌ No. Go encourages composition over inheritance using struct embedding.

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❓ Can a struct implement multiple interfaces?
✅ Yes. A struct can implement as many interfaces as needed:

type Reader interface { Read() }
type Writer interface { Write() }

type File struct{}
func (f File) Read() {}
func (f File) Write() {}

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❓ What’s the zero value of an interface?
✅ nil. An interface without any value or method is nil.

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❓ How do I test if a value implements an interface?
✅ Use:

var s Shape = Circle{Radius: 5}
_, ok := interface{}(s).(Shape)

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❓ Can I embed multiple structs in one struct?
✅ Yes. Embedded fields are promoted:

type Engine struct{}
type Wheels struct{}
type Car struct {
    Engine
    Wheels
}

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