🧱 C++ Structures – A Complete Guide with Examples & Use Cases

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🧲 Introduction – Why Learn C++ Structures?

In C++ programming, a structure (or struct) is a user-defined data type that allows grouping of variables under a single name. It’s particularly useful for organizing complex data like employee records, coordinates, or student details.

🎯 In this guide, you’ll learn:

• How to define and declare a structure
• Accessing and modifying structure members
• Nested and array of structures
• Passing structures to functions
• The difference between struct and class in C++

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🔍 Core Concept – What is a Structure in C++?

A structure groups related variables (of different types) under one name. Unlike arrays (same type) or simple variables (single data), structures hold diverse data conveniently.

struct Employee {
    int id;
    string name;
    float salary;
};

✅ Key Point: Unlike C, structures in C++ can have functions, constructors, access modifiers, and even inheritance.

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💻 Code Examples – With Step-by-Step Explanations

✅ Example 1: Declaring and Using a Structure

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

struct Student {
    int rollNo;
    string name;
    float marks;
};

int main() {
    Student s1 = {101, "Alice", 89.5};
    
    cout << "Roll No: " << s1.rollNo << endl;
    cout << "Name: " << s1.name << endl;
    cout << "Marks: " << s1.marks << endl;

    return 0;
}

🔍 Explanation:

• Student is the structure name
• s1 is a structure variable
• Members are accessed via dot . operator

📤 Output:

Roll No: 101
Name: Alice
Marks: 89.5

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✅ Example 2: Array of Structures

struct Product {
    int id;
    string name;
    float price;
};

int main() {
    Product items[2] = {{1, "Laptop", 45000}, {2, "Mouse", 500}};

    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        cout << items[i].id << " - " << items[i].name << " - ₹" << items[i].price << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

📤 Output:

1 - Laptop - ₹45000
2 - Mouse - ₹500

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✅ Example 3: Passing Structures to Functions

struct Book {
    string title;
    float price;
};

void display(Book b) {
    cout << "Title: " << b.title << ", Price: ₹" << b.price << endl;
}

int main() {
    Book b1 = {"C++ Basics", 299.99};
    display(b1);
    return 0;
}

📘 Best Practice: Pass by reference (void display(Book &b)) to avoid data copy overhead.

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✅ Example 4: Structure with Member Functions

struct Rectangle {
    int length, width;

    int area() {
        return length * width;
    }
};

int main() {
    Rectangle r1 = {10, 5};
    cout << "Area = " << r1.area();
}

📤 Output:

Area = 50

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💡 Best Practices & Tips

📘 Best Practices:

• Use typedef or using for long struct names.
• Initialize members properly using constructors (if added).
• Keep functions inside structures short and focused.

💡 Tips:

• Prefer class over struct when implementing complex behaviors (OOP).
• Use const with function parameters when you don’t intend to modify.

⚠️ Pitfalls:

• Forgetting to initialize members
• Confusing structure copying (by value) with reference

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🧮 Diagram – Structure Memory Layout

+-------------------+
| id (int)          |
+-------------------+
| name (string)     |
+-------------------+
| salary (float)    |
+-------------------+
| Total = size sum  |
+-------------------+

The size of a structure depends on padding and alignment (platform/compiler dependent).

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📊 Comparison – Struct vs Class in C++

Feature	struct	class
Default Access Spec.	public	private
Supports Functions	✅ Yes	✅ Yes
Inheritance Support	✅ Yes	✅ Yes
Use Case	Lightweight groups	Full OOP (Abstraction)
Memory/Performance	Same (no difference)	Same (depends on use)

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🛠️ Real-World Use Cases

📌 Use Cases:

• Representing student or employee records
• Game development (coordinates, objects, player stats)
• File format headers
• APIs and data exchange structures

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📌 Summary – Recap & Next Steps

C++ structures offer a powerful way to group related data, with support for OOP features like functions, constructors, and encapsulation.

🔍 Key Takeaways:

• Use struct for logical grouping of variables
• Can include member functions, constructors, and even inheritance
• Great for clean, organized code and data models

⚙️ Next Steps:

• Learn about C++ Classes and Objects
• Explore C++ Inheritance & Polymorphism from structures

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❓ FAQ Section

❓ What is the default access modifier in a C++ struct?

✅ public — unlike class, which defaults to private.

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❓ Can a structure have a constructor in C++?

✅ Yes, unlike C, C++ structures can have constructors, destructors, and member functions.

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❓ Are C++ structs and classes the same?

✅ Almost — except that struct members are public by default, and class members are private by default.

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❓ Can a struct inherit from another struct/class?

✅ Yes. C++ allows inheritance for structs, just like classes.

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❓ How is memory allocated in a structure?

✅ Memory is sequentially allocated for each member with padding (depends on compiler).

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