📄 C++ File Streams – <fstream> for Reading and Writing Files

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🧲 Introduction – Why File Streams Are Essential in C++

In C++, file streams provide an object-oriented way to read and write data to files using the same syntax as cin and cout. The <fstream> header defines specialized classes—ifstream, ofstream, and fstream—to handle file input/output operations easily and efficiently.

🎯 In this guide, you’ll learn:

• What file stream classes are and how they work
• How to open, read, write, and close files
• Syntax and examples of reading/writing with streams
• File open modes and best practices

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🔍 What Is <fstream>?

<fstream> is a C++ standard library header that includes the classes needed to handle file operations:

Class	Purpose	Inherits From
ifstream	Input stream for reading	istream
ofstream	Output stream for writing	ostream
fstream	Input/output stream	iostream

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💻 Code Examples – Reading & Writing

✅ Writing to a File Using ofstream

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    ofstream outFile("sample.txt");
    outFile << "Hello, File Streams!" << endl;
    outFile.close();
    return 0;
}

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✅ Reading from a File Using ifstream

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    ifstream inFile("sample.txt");
    string line;
    while (getline(inFile, line)) {
        cout << line << endl;
    }
    inFile.close();
    return 0;
}

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✅ Using fstream for Both Reading and Writing

#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    fstream file("data.txt", ios::in | ios::out | ios::trunc);
    file << "Line 1\n";
    file.seekg(0);
    string line;
    getline(file, line);
    cout << line << endl;
    file.close();
    return 0;
}

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⚙️ File Opening Modes

File streams can be combined with mode flags:

Mode	Description
ios::in	Open for reading
ios::out	Open for writing
ios::app	Append to end of file
ios::trunc	Truncate existing file (default for ofstream)
ios::binary	Open file in binary mode

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🔐 File Handling Functions

Function	Purpose
.open()	Opens a file
.close()	Closes the file
.is_open()	Returns true if file successfully opened
.eof()	Checks for end-of-file
.fail()	Checks for failure in file operation

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💡 Best Practices & Tips

📘 Always check .is_open() before reading/writing
💡 Use ofstream with ios::app to preserve existing data
⚠️ Remember to .close() files to avoid resource leaks
📦 Use relative paths to improve cross-platform portability

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📌 Summary – Recap & Next Steps

🔍 Key Takeaways:

• Use ifstream, ofstream, and fstream from <fstream> to handle files
• Support text and binary data with different open modes
• Streams behave similarly to cin and cout, making them easy to use

⚙️ Real-World Relevance:
C++ file streams are used in logging systems, report generation, configuration loading, and all forms of persistent data handling.

✅ Next Steps:
Learn how to read and write content using file streams with more advanced techniques and handle files in binary mode.

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❓FAQ – C++ File Streams

❓ What’s the difference between ofstream and fstream?
ofstream is for writing only, while fstream supports both reading and writing.

❓ Do I need to manually close the file?
✅ Yes, always call .close() after you’re done to release resources.

❓ What if I open a file that doesn’t exist?
ifstream will fail to open it; ofstream will create it by default.

❓ Can I check if a file opened successfully?
✅ Yes. Use .is_open() to verify.

❓ How do I avoid overwriting an existing file?
Use ios::app mode or check for file existence before writing.

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