📏 C sizeof Operator – Determine Memory Size in Bytes

🧲 Introduction – What Is the sizeof Operator in C?

The sizeof operator in C is used to determine the size (in bytes) of a data type or a variable. It’s a compile-time operator that returns an integer value indicating how much memory a given object or type occupies in the system’s architecture. This is particularly useful for memory management, portability, and system-level programming.

🎯 In this guide, you’ll learn:

• How the sizeof operator works
• Syntax for using sizeof with types and variables
• Practical examples and use cases
• Differences on 32-bit vs 64-bit systems

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🧾 Syntax of sizeof

sizeof(type)
sizeof variable

Both forms are valid. When used with a type, it requires parentheses. When used with a variable, parentheses are optional.

✅ Examples:

sizeof(int)       // size of int type
sizeof x          // size of variable x
sizeof(char[10])  // size of an array (10 bytes)

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🧪 Examples of sizeof in Action

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int a = 10;
    double d = 3.14;
    char ch = 'A';
    float arr[5];

    printf("Size of int: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(a));
    printf("Size of double: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(d));
    printf("Size of char: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(ch));
    printf("Size of array: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(arr));
    return 0;
}

Output (on a 64-bit system):

Size of int: 4 bytes  
Size of double: 8 bytes  
Size of char: 1 byte  
Size of array: 20 bytes  

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🧠 Important Facts About sizeof

• sizeof is evaluated at compile time, not runtime
• It works for both primitive types and user-defined types
• Arrays return the total size: sizeof(arr) = element size × number of elements
• For pointer types, sizeof(ptr) returns size of the pointer (not the data it points to)
• Size varies depending on system architecture (32-bit vs 64-bit)

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⚠️ Common Mistakes and Tips

Mistake	Problem	Fix
sizeof(*ptr) vs sizeof(ptr)	*ptr returns size of data; ptr returns pointer size	Choose based on what you need
sizeof("Hello")	Returns 6, not 5 (includes \0 null terminator)	Use strlen() if excluding \0
Assuming same size across platforms	Sizes of types like int can vary	Use sizeof() for portability

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📦 sizeof with Data Types (Typical Sizes on 64-bit Systems)

Data Type	Size (bytes)
char	1
int	4
float	4
double	8
long	8
short	2
pointer	8

💡 Use sizeof() instead of hardcoding values for better portability.

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📌 Summary – Recap & Next Steps

The sizeof operator is an essential tool for inspecting data size and writing platform-independent code. It ensures that programs allocate the correct amount of memory, work well across different systems, and avoid undefined behavior.

🔍 Key Takeaways:

• sizeof returns the number of bytes used by a variable or data type
• It works on primitive types, structures, arrays, and pointers
• Use it for memory management, array bounds, and portability
• Parentheses are required for types, optional for variables

⚙️ Real-World Relevance:

sizeof is widely used in embedded systems, memory allocation (malloc()), serialization, file I/O, and when building portable software.

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❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

❓ Is sizeof evaluated at compile time?

✅ Yes. For fixed-size types and variables, sizeof is resolved during compile time, which improves performance.

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❓ What is the difference between sizeof(x) and sizeof(x + y)?

✅ sizeof(x) returns the size of variable x.
✅ sizeof(x + y) returns the size of the result of the expression x + y, based on type promotion.

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❓ What does sizeof("Hello") return?

✅ It returns 6, not 5, because string literals include a null terminator \0.

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❓ Does sizeof return value in bits or bytes?

✅ sizeof returns the size in bytes. Use * 8 if you need the size in bits.

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❓ Can I use sizeof on arrays and pointers?

✅ Yes. But note:

• sizeof(array) gives total size (number of elements × element size)
• sizeof(pointer) gives pointer size (usually 4 or 8 bytes)

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