📤 C Output (printf) – Displaying Output in C Programs

🧲 Introduction – What Is printf() in C?
In C programming, the printf() function is used to display output on the console. It is part of the standard I/O library and one of the most frequently used functions in C. With printf(), you can display strings, variables, formatted numbers, and even characters in a structured way.

🎯 In this guide, you’ll learn:

• The syntax and usage of printf() in C
• How to print variables with format specifiers
• Examples for printing integers, floats, characters, and strings
• Formatting techniques for cleaner output

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🧾 Syntax of printf()

printf("format string", variable1, variable2, ...);

• "format string" contains text and format specifiers.
• Variables following the string are substituted into the format specifiers.

✅ Example:

int age = 25;
printf("My age is %d years.", age);

Output:

My age is 25 years.

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🔣 Format Specifiers in printf()

Specifier	Description	Example Output
%d or %i	Integer	42
%f	Floating-point number	3.141593
%.2f	Float with 2 decimals	3.14
%c	Character	A
%s	String	Hello
%u	Unsigned int	42
%x / %X	Hexadecimal (lower/upper)	2a or 2A
%o	Octal number	52
%%	Percent symbol	%

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🧪 Examples of Using printf()

1. 🔹 Printing an Integer

int num = 100;
printf("Number: %d\n", num);

Output:

Number: 100

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2. 🔹 Printing a Float

float pi = 3.14159;
printf("Value of pi: %.2f\n", pi);

Output:

Value of pi: 3.14

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3. 🔹 Printing a Character

char grade = 'A';
printf("Grade: %c\n", grade);

Output:

Grade: A

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4. 🔹 Printing a String

char name[] = "John";
printf("Name: %s\n", name);

Output:

Name: John

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🛠️ Formatting Output with printf()

• Use \n for a newline:

printf("Hello\nWorld");

Output:

Hello
World

• Use \t for tab spacing:

printf("Name:\tJohn\nAge:\t25");

Output:

Name:   John
Age:    25

• Align numbers with field width:

printf("%5d\n", 12);  // Right-aligned in 5-character width

Output:

   12

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📌 Summary – Recap & Next Steps

The printf() function is a powerful and flexible tool for formatting and displaying output in C programs. It supports a wide range of data types and customization options to control output presentation.

🔍 Key Takeaways:

• printf() is used for displaying output in C.
• Format specifiers help print variables of different types.
• Escape sequences like \n and \t enhance output formatting.
• You can print integers, floats, strings, characters, and even percent signs.

⚙️ Real-World Relevance:

Whether you’re printing logs, debugging values, or building console-based applications, mastering printf() is a must-have skill for every C programmer.

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❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

❓ What does printf() do in C?

✅ printf() is a standard library function that displays text and variables to the terminal or console. It allows formatted output using format specifiers like %d, %s, and %f.

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❓ What header file is required for printf()?

✅ You must include the standard input-output header:

#include <stdio.h>

Without it, the compiler may throw an “undefined reference” error.

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❓ How do I print a percent symbol using printf()?

✅ Use %% inside the format string:

printf("Progress: 100%%");

Output:

Progress: 100%

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❓ What does %0.2f mean in printf()?

✅ It formats a float to 2 decimal places. For example:

printf("%.2f", 3.14159);

Output:

3.14

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❓ Can I use multiple variables in one printf()?

✅ Yes. Just ensure the format specifiers match the order and type of the variables:

int a = 5, b = 10;
printf("A = %d, B = %d", a, b);

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❓ What is the difference between %d and %i?

✅ Both are used for printing integers and behave the same in printf(). However, %i has different behavior in scanf() (for input).

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