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📚 C# Arrays – Master Fixed-Size Collections in C#

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🧲 Introduction – Why Learn Arrays in C#?

Arrays are one of the fundamental building blocks of any programming language. In C#, arrays allow you to store multiple elements of the same data type using a single variable name and access them by index. They’re ideal when working with static datasets like top scores, temperature logs, or fixed-form inputs.

🎯 In this guide, you’ll learn:

• What arrays are and how they work
• Array declaration, initialization, and traversal
• Multi-dimensional and jagged arrays
• Best practices, examples, and real-world use cases

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🔍 Core Concept – What Is an Array in C#?

An array is a fixed-length collection that holds elements of the same type. The size is defined at creation and cannot change afterward.

🔣 Syntax:

data_type[] arrayName = new data_type[size];

📘 Example:

int[] numbers = new int[3];
numbers[0] = 10;
numbers[1] = 20;
numbers[2] = 30;

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💻 Code Example – Array Declaration and Access

string[] fruits = { "Apple", "Banana", "Cherry" };

for (int i = 0; i < fruits.Length; i++)
{
    Console.WriteLine(fruits[i]);
}

📥 Output:

Apple  
Banana  
Cherry

🧵 Explanation:

• Array is initialized with 3 strings.
• .Length property gets total number of elements.
• Loop prints each item by index.

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🔁 Traversing Arrays – Foreach Loop

int[] scores = { 90, 85, 78 };

foreach (int score in scores)
{
    Console.WriteLine(score);
}

📘 Use Case: Read-only access to elements with simpler syntax.

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🧠 Multi-Dimensional Arrays

int[,] matrix = new int[2, 3] { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} };

for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
    for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
    {
        Console.Write($"{matrix[i, j]} ");
    }
    Console.WriteLine();
}

📥 Output:

1 2 3  
4 5 6

📘 Use Case: Matrices, tables, spreadsheets, game boards

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🧩 Jagged Arrays (Array of Arrays)

int[][] jagged = new int[2][];
jagged[0] = new int[] { 1, 2 };
jagged[1] = new int[] { 3, 4, 5 };

foreach (int[] row in jagged)
{
    foreach (int val in row)
    {
        Console.Write(val + " ");
    }
    Console.WriteLine();
}

📥 Output:

1 2  
3 4 5

📘 Use Case: Irregular tables, variable-length rows

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💡 Best Practices & Tips

💡 Tip: Always check .Length to avoid IndexOutOfRangeException.

⚠️ Pitfall: Arrays are zero-indexed; the first element is at index 0.

📘 Best Practice: Use foreach when you don’t need to modify array contents by index.

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📊 Comparison – Arrays vs Lists

Feature	Array ([])	List (List<T>)
Size	Fixed	Dynamic
Performance	Faster for fixed-size data	More flexible
Syntax	Simple	Requires System.Collections.Generic
Use Case	Static datasets	Dynamic collections

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🛠️ Real-World Use Cases

• 🎮 Storing game high scores
• 🧮 Performing matrix operations
• 📋 Handling fixed-size form inputs
• 🖥️ Mapping 2D grid-based layouts
• 🔢 Collecting sensor data with a known sample size

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📌 Summary – Recap & Next Steps

🧵 Key Takeaways:

• Arrays hold fixed-size, same-type data.
• Use indexers (array[i]) and .Length for access.
• C# supports 1D, multi-dimensional, and jagged arrays.

⚙️ Real-world relevance: Arrays are core to data processing, grid-based UIs, game development, and static data storage.

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❓ FAQ Section

❓ Are C# arrays zero-based?
✅ Yes, the index starts at 0. array[0] accesses the first element.

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❓ Can I resize an array in C#?
✅ No. Arrays are fixed-size. Use List<T> for dynamic resizing.

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❓ What is the difference between int[] and int[,]?
✅ int[] is a single-dimensional array. int[,] is a multi-dimensional (rectangular) array.

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❓ How do I find the length of an array?
✅ Use .Length:

int length = array.Length;

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❓ Can I return an array from a method?
✅ Yes:

int[] GetNumbers() => new int[] {1, 2, 3};

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