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🏗️ C# Interfaces – Define Contracts for Flexible and Scalable Code

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🧲 Introduction – Why Use Interfaces in C#?

In large-scale C# applications, you often want different classes to follow a common structure or behavior, even if they aren’t related by inheritance. Interfaces make this possible. They act as contracts, ensuring that any class implementing the interface follows its rules—allowing you to build loosely coupled, extensible systems.

🎯 In this guide, you’ll learn:

• What interfaces are and how to define them
• How to implement interfaces in classes
• Interface inheritance and default methods (C# 8+)
• Real-world examples and use cases
• Differences from abstract classes

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🔍 Core Concept – What Is an Interface?

An interface in C# is a contract that defines method signatures, properties, events, or indexers—without providing implementation. Any class or struct that implements the interface must provide the actual functionality.

🔣 Syntax:

interface IShape
{
    void Draw();
    double Area { get; }
}

📘 Naming Convention: Prefix with I (e.g., IShape, IAnimal, IService)

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🧱 Implementing an Interface

class Circle : IShape
{
    public double Radius { get; set; }

    public void Draw()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Drawing Circle");
    }

    public double Area => Math.PI * Radius * Radius;
}

📘 Circle provides the actual implementation of Draw() and Area.

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🔄 Using Interface References

IShape shape = new Circle { Radius = 5 };
shape.Draw();
Console.WriteLine($"Area: {shape.Area}");

📘 You can reference any class via its interface—enabling polymorphism.

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🧩 Multiple Interface Implementation

interface IReadable { void Read(); }
interface IWritable { void Write(); }

class Document : IReadable, IWritable
{
    public void Read() => Console.WriteLine("Reading Document");
    public void Write() => Console.WriteLine("Writing Document");
}

📘 Use Case: Combine multiple behaviors without class inheritance.

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🔧 Interface Inheritance (Extending Interfaces)

interface IEntity
{
    int Id { get; set; }
}

interface IUser : IEntity
{
    string Name { get; set; }
}

📘 Use Case: Build layered and composable contracts.

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⚙️ Default Interface Methods (C# 8+)

interface ILogger
{
    void Log(string message) => Console.WriteLine(message);
}

📘 Use Case: Provide default behavior while preserving backward compatibility.

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📊 Interface vs Abstract Class Comparison

Feature	Interface	Abstract Class
Inheritance Type	Multiple	Single
Implementation	No (until C# 8 default methods)	Yes
Fields Allowed	❌ No	✅ Yes
Use Case	Contract for unrelated classes	Shared base for related classes

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💡 Best Practices & Tips

💡 Tip: Favor interfaces for flexibility and loose coupling.

⚠️ Pitfall: Don’t include implementation logic in interfaces (unless using C# 8+ default methods cautiously).

📘 Best Practice: Use interfaces with dependency injection and test mocking frameworks.

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🛠️ Real-World Use Cases

• 💳 Payment gateway integrations (IPaymentProvider)
• 📦 Repository pattern (IRepository<T>)
• 🖼️ UI component contracts (IComponent)
• 🧪 Unit testing mocks/stubs
• 🔌 Plugin architecture (IPlugin, IModule)

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📌 Summary – Recap & Next Steps

🧵 Key Takeaways:

• Interfaces define what a class must do, not how.
• A class can implement multiple interfaces, supporting better abstraction.
• Interfaces are critical for polymorphism, dependency injection, and clean architecture.

⚙️ Real-world relevance: C# interfaces power SOLID design, APIs, testability, and framework extensibility.

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❓ FAQ Section

❓ Can I create a method body inside an interface?
✅ Yes, starting from C# 8.0 using default interface implementations.

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❓ What happens if a class doesn’t implement all interface members?
✅ ❌ It won’t compile unless the class is marked abstract.

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❓ Can interfaces have fields or constructors?
✅ ❌ No. Interfaces cannot contain fields or constructors.

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❓ Can I implement multiple interfaces in a class?
✅ Yes! C# fully supports multiple interface implementation.

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❓ Should I use interfaces or abstract classes?
✅ Use interfaces for contracts across unrelated classes.
✅ Use abstract classes for partial implementation across related classes.

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