🌍 PHP Local & Global Variables – Manage Data Visibility Across Your Script

Learn the difference between local and global variables in PHP, how to access them, and when to use each for clean, maintainable code.

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🧲 Introduction – What Are Local & Global Variables?

In PHP, variables have scope, meaning they are only accessible from specific parts of your code. The two primary types of scope are:

• Local: Only accessible inside a function
• Global: Defined outside all functions and available across the script (but not inside functions unless explicitly declared)

🎯 In this guide, you’ll learn:

• How local and global scopes work
• Accessing global variables inside functions
• When to use $GLOBALS or global
• Best practices for scoping variables properly

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✅ 1. Local Variables – Inside Functions Only

function localExample() {
    $msg = "I'm local!";
    echo $msg;
}

localExample();
// echo $msg; // ❌ Error: Undefined variable

➡️ $msg exists only within localExample().
➡️ You can’t access it outside the function.

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🌍 2. Global Variables – Declared Outside Functions

$siteName = "TechZone";

function showName() {
    global $siteName;
    echo $siteName;
}

showName(); // TechZone

➡️ Use the global keyword to import global variables into function scope.
➡️ Without it, $siteName inside the function will be undefined.

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🔁 3. Alternative: Using $GLOBALS Array

$title = "PHP Guide";

function displayTitle() {
    echo $GLOBALS["title"];
}

displayTitle(); // PHP Guide

➡️ $GLOBALS is a superglobal array containing all global variables.
➡️ Useful for indirect access without global.

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❌ 4. Without global or $GLOBALS

$author = "Vaibhav";

function printAuthor() {
    echo $author; // ❌ Not accessible here
}

printAuthor(); // Undefined variable

➡️ You must use global or $GLOBALS to access variables inside functions.

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💡 5. Modifying Global Variables Inside Functions

$count = 0;

function increment() {
    global $count;
    $count++;
}

increment();
echo $count; // 1

➡️ Changes made inside the function affect the global variable.
➡️ Great for shared state like counters.

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🧠 Best Practices

• ✅ Prefer function arguments over global for better modularity
• ✅ Use global only when shared access is necessary
• ✅ Limit use of $GLOBALS to avoid tightly coupled code
• ❌ Avoid naming conflicts between global and local variables
• ✅ Document global dependencies clearly

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📌 Summary – Recap & Next Steps

Understanding local and global variables in PHP ensures your scripts stay modular, predictable, and debuggable. Use the right scope for the right context.

🔍 Key Takeaways:

• Local variables exist only inside functions
• Global variables are accessible inside functions using global or $GLOBALS
• Avoid excessive global usage to keep code clean and maintainable

⚙️ Real-World Use Cases:
Config constants, counters, shared system states, setting site-wide variables.

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❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

❓ What’s the default variable scope in PHP?
✅ Variables declared outside functions are global.

❓ Can I use a local variable outside a function?
❌ No. It only exists within the function where it’s declared.

❓ Which is better: global or $GLOBALS?
✅ global is cleaner. $GLOBALS gives more control but can be harder to read.

❓ Is it bad to use global variables?
🔸 It depends. Use sparingly — prefer arguments and return values when possible.

❓ Can I access a global variable inside a class method?
✅ Yes, using global $var; or $GLOBALS["var"].

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